|
|
Corrosion
of the positive grid
|
Sulphation
|
Shedding
|
Loss
of water
|
AM degradation
(loss
of charged active material surface)
|
|
Temperature
|
Strong
impact, positive correlation
|
high
temperature has negative impact at low SOC
high
temperature has positive impact during full charging
|
no
direct impact
|
increasing
with increasing temperature
|
low
impact with high temperature on neg. electrode expanders
|
|
Depth of discharge
|
no
direct impact
|
no
direct impact
|
strong
impact
|
no
impact
|
direct
impact
|
|
Acid
stratification
|
Impact
through low acid concentration in upper part of electrode
|
strong
impact through inhomogenous current dustribution and local SOC
|
indirect
through increase gassing
indirect
through strong sulphation in the lower part if the electrode
|
indirect
through extended charging periods at high voltage
|
impact
through inhomogenous current distribution and SOC
|
|
Discharge rate
|
Indirect
through positve electrode potential
|
high
discharge rate create many and small sulphate crystals
inhomogenous
current disctribution causes inh. SOC
|
probably
increased shedding due to high DOD on outer arra of active material [pasted
plates]
|
none
|
increases
inner resistance due to AOS-model (agglomerate of sphere)
|
|
Charge rate
|
Indirect
through positve electrode potential
|
no
impact
|
no
impact
|
indirect
through higher voltage & higher temperature
|
positve
impact through smaller crystals
|
|
Time
at low states of charge
|
Indirect
through low acid concentration and low potentials
|
strong
impact
|
no
direct impact
|
none
|
None
|
|
Cycle duration
|
no
direct impact
|
strong
impact
|
no
direct impact
|
no
direct impact
|
None
|
|
Voltage
|
High
impact according to corrosion rate as a function of potential
|
positive
impact at high voltages
|
no
direct impact
|
no
direct impact
|
strong
impact during voltage reversal (mainly neg. Electrode)
|
|
Acid
concentration
|
Strong
impact
low
concentration --> high corrosion
|
strong
impact
low
concentration --> high solubility of Pb2+
|
no
direct impact
|
no
direct impact
|
no
direct impact
|
|
Ah
throughput
(overall
charge transfer)
|
no
impact
|
no
direct impact
|
impact
through mechanical stress
|
no
direct impact
|
loss
of active material structure, larger crystals
|
|
Ripple
current (f > 1 Hz), without zero-line crossing of current
|
Impact
through potential variations (depends on frequency)
|
no
impact
|
no
direct impact
|
some
impact at high states of charge
|
indirect
through higher temperature
|
|
Partial cycles (f > 1 Hz)
|
Impact
through potential variations (depends on frequency)
|
increase
size of sulphate crystals
|
no
direct impact
|
no
impact
|
impact
|
|
Gas
evolution rate
|
no
impact
|
indirect
through reduced charge efficiency
|
strong
impact
|
strong
impact
|
no
direct impact
|
|
Reverse
charging
|
no
significant impact
|
indirect
|
very
strong mechanical stress
|
small
impact
|
strong
loss of negative material structure through loss of expanders
|
|
Charge factor
|
no
direct impact
|
positive
impact through regimes with high charge factor
|
strong
impact through gassing
|
strong
impact
|
no
direct impact
|
